Nobel prize in chemistry
From Knowino
Year | Name | Nation[1] | Prize awarded for: | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff | the Netherlands | discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions | |
1902 | Hermann Emil Fischer | Germany | work on sugar and purine syntheses | |
1903 | Svante August Arrhenius | Sweden | electrolytic theory of dissociation | |
1904 | Sir William Ramsay | United Kingdom | discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system | |
1905 | Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer | Germany | advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds | |
1906 | Henri Moissan | France | investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him | |
1907 | Eduard Buchner | Germany | biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation | |
1908 | Ernest Rutherford | United Kingdom New Zealand |
investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances | |
1909 | Wilhelm Ostwald | Germany | work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction | |
1910 | Otto Wallach | Germany | services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds | |
1911 | Marie Curie, née Sklodowska | Poland/France | discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element | |
1912 | Victor Grignard | France | discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent | |
Paul Sabatier | France | method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals | ||
1913 | Alfred Werner | Switzerland | work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry | |
1914 | Theodore William Richards | United States | accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements | |
1915 | Richard Martin Willstätter | Germany | researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll | |
1916 | Not awarded | |||
1917 | ||||
1918 | Fritz Haber | Germany | synthesis of ammonia from its elements | |
1919 | Not awarded | |||
1920 | Walther Hermann Nernst | Germany | work in thermochemistry | |
1921 | Frederick Soddy | United Kingdom | contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes | |
1922 | Francis William Aston | United Kingdom | discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule | |
1923 | Fritz Pregl | Austria | invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances | |
1924 | Not awarded | |||
1925 | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | Germany / Hungary | demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used | |
1926 | The (Theodor) Svedberg | Sweden | work on disperse systems | |
1927 | Heinrich Otto Wieland | Germany | investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances | |
1928 | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | Germany | research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins | |
1929 | Arthur Harden | United Kingdom | investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes | |
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin | Germany | |||
1930 | Hans Fischer | Germany | researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin | |
1931 | Carl Bosch | Germany | contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods | |
Friedrich Bergius | Germany | |||
1932 | Irving Langmuir | United States | discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry | |
1933 | Not awarded | |||
1934 | Harold Clayton Urey | United States | discovery of heavy hydrogen | |
1935 | Frédéric Joliot | France | synthesis of new radioactive elements | |
Irène Joliot-Curie | France
| |||
1936 | Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye | the Netherlands | work on molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases | |
1937 | Walter Norman Haworth | United Kingdom | investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C | |
Paul Karrer | Switzerland | investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2 | ||
1938 | Richard Kuhn | Germany | work on carotenoids and vitamins | |
1939 | Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt | Germany | work on sex hormones | |
Leopold Ruzicka | Croatia | work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes | ||
1940 | Not awarded | |||
1941 | ||||
1942 | ||||
1943 | George de Hevesy | Hungary | work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes | |
1944 | Otto Hahn | Germany | discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei | |
1945 | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen | Finland | research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method | |
1946 | James Batcheller Sumner | United States | discovery that enzymes can be crystallized | |
John Howard Northrop | United States | preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form | ||
Wendell Meredith Stanley | United States | |||
1947 | Sir Robert Robinson | United Kingdom | investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids | |
1948 | Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius | Sweden | research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins | |
1949 | William Francis Giauque | United States | contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures | |
1950 | Otto Paul Hermann Diels | Federal Republic of Germany | discovery and development of the diene synthesis | |
Kurt Alder | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
1951 | Edwin Mattison McMillan | United States | discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements | |
Glenn Theodore Seaborg | United States | |||
1952 | Archer John Porter Martin | United Kingdom | invention of partition chromatography | |
Richard Laurence Millington Synge | United Kingdom | |||
1953 | Hermann Staudinger | Federal Republic of Germany | discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry | |
1954 | Linus Carl Pauling | United States | research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances | |
1955 | Vincent du Vigneaud | United States | work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone | |
1956 | Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood | United Kingdom | researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions | |
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov | USSR | |||
1957 | Lord (Alexander R.) Todd | United Kingdom | work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes | |
1958 | Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom | work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin | |
1959 | Jaroslav Heyrovský | Czechoslovakia | discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis | |
1960 | Willard Frank Libby | United States | method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science | |
1961 | Melvin Calvin | United States | research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants | |
1962 | Max Ferdinand Perutz | United Kingdom | studies of the structures of globular proteins | |
John Cowdery Kendrew | United Kingdom | |||
1963 | Karl Ziegler | Federal Republic of Germany | discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers | |
Giulio Natta | Italy | |||
1964 | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | United Kingdom | determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances | |
1965 | Robert Burns Woodward | United States | outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis | |
1966 | Robert S. Mulliken | United States | fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method | |
1967 | Manfred Eigen | Federal Republic of Germany | studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy | |
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish | United Kingdom | |||
George Porter | United Kingdom | |||
1968 | Lars Onsager | United States | reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes | |
1969 | Derek H. R. Barton | United Kingdom | contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry | |
Odd Hassel | Norway | |||
1970 | Luis F. Leloir | Argentina | discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates | |
1971 | Gerhard Herzberg | Canada | contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals | |
1972 | Christian B. Anfinsen | United States | work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation | |
Stanford Moore | United States | contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule | ||
William H. Stein | United States | |||
1973 | Ernst Otto Fischer | Federal Republic of Germany | pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds | |
Geoffrey Wilkinson | United Kingdom | |||
1974 | Paul J. Flory | United States | fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules | |
1975 | John Warcup Cornforth | Australia United Kingdom |
work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions | |
Vladimir Prelog | Yugoslavia/Switzerland | research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions | ||
1976 | William N. Lipscomb | United States | studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding | |
1977 | Ilya Prigogine | Belgium | contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures | |
1978 | Peter D. Mitchell | United Kingdom | contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory | |
1979 | Herbert C. Brown | United States | development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis | |
Georg Wittig | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
1980 | Paul Berg | United States | fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA | |
Walter Gilbert | United States | contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids | ||
Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom | |||
1981 | Kenichi Fukui | Japan | theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions | |
Roald Hoffmann | United States | |||
1982 | Aaron Klug | United Kingdom | development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes | |
1983 | Henry Taube | United States | work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes | |
1984 | Robert Bruce Merrifield | United States | development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix | |
1985 | Herbert A. Hauptman | United States | outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures | |
Jerome Karle | United States | |||
1986 | Dudley R. Herschbach | United States | contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes | |
Yuan T. Lee | United States | |||
John C. Polanyi | Canada / Hungary | |||
1987 | Donald J. Cram | United States | development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity | |
Jean-Marie Lehn | France | |||
Charles J. Pedersen | United States | |||
1988 | Johann Deisenhofer | Federal Republic of Germany | determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre | |
Robert Huber | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
Hartmut Michel | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
1989 | Sidney Altman | Canada United States |
discovery of catalytic properties of RNA | |
Thomas R. Cech | United States | |||
1990 | Elias James Corey | United States | development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis | |
1991 | Richard R. Ernst | Switzerland | contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy | |
1992 | Rudolph A. Marcus | United States | contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems | |
1993 | Kary B. Mullis | United States | contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method | |
Michael Smith | Canada | contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies | ||
1994 | George A. Olah | United States / Hungary | contribution to carbocation chemistry | |
1995 | Paul J. Crutzen | the Netherlands | work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone | |
Mario J. Molina | (México)United States | |||
F. Sherwood Rowland | United States | |||
1996 | Robert F. Curl Jr. | United States | discovery of fullerenes | |
Sir Harold W. Kroto | United Kingdom | |||
Richard E. Smalley | United States | |||
1997 | Paul D. Boyer | United States | elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | |
John E. Walker | United Kingdom | |||
Jens C. Skou | Denmark | first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase | ||
1998 | Walter Kohn | United States | development of the density-functional theory | |
John A. Pople | United Kingdom | development of computational methods in quantum chemistry | ||
1999 | Ahmed H. Zewail | Egypt United States |
studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy | |
2000 | Alan J. Heeger | United States | discovery and development of conductive polymers | |
Alan G MacDiarmid | United States New Zealand | |||
Hideki Shirakawa | Japan | |||
2001 | William S. Knowles | United States | work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions | |
Ryo-ji Noyori | Japan | |||
K. Barry Sharpless | United States | work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions | ||
2002 | John B. Fenn | United States | development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules | |
Koichi Tanaka | Japan | |||
Kurt Wüthrich | Switzerland | development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution | ||
2003 | Peter Agre | United States | discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels | |
Roderick MacKinnon | United States | discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels | ||
2004 | Aaron Ciechanover | Israel | discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation | |
Avram Hershko | Israel | |||
Irwin Rose | United States | |||
2005 | Yves Chauvin | France | development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis | |
Robert H. Grubbs | United States | |||
Richard R. Schrock | United States | |||
2006 | Roger D. Kornberg | United States | studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription | |
2007 | Gerhard Ertl | Germany | studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces]] | |
2008 | Osamu Shimomura | Japan | discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP | |
Martin Chalfie | United States | |||
Roger Y. Tsien | United States | |||
2009 | Venkatraman Ramakrishnan | India | studies of the structure and function of the ribosome | |
Thomas A. Steitz | United States | |||
Ada E. Yonath | Israel | |||
2010 | Richard F. Heck | United States | palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis | |
Ei-ichi Negishi | United States | |||
Akira Suzuki | Japan | |||
2011 | Daniel Shechtman | Israel | discovery of quasicrystals | |
2012 | Robert J. Lefkowitz | United States | studies of G-protein-coupled receptors | |
Brian K. Kobilka | United States | |||
2013 | Martin Karplus | United States/Austria | the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems. | |
Michael Levitt | United States/United Kingdom/Israel | |||
Arieh Warshel | United States/Israel |
[edit] Notes
- ↑ As given by the Nobel Foundation at the time of the award, which is not necessarily the same as the location of research or birthplace.