Surface (geometry)

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In common language, a surface is the exterior face of an object in space (a body), and is usually considered as part of that object.

Some examples of surfaces are:

Starting from this intuitive idea, over the centuries, the mathematical notion – or rather: several related mathematical notions – of a surface has emerged.

The essential feature of a surface (as an abstract geometrical object) is its two-dimensionality: It has length and breadth, but no depth — and this is also the common property of the mathematical definitions.

Surfaces that are the face of a body are two-sided: They have an interior and an exterior side. Such surfaces are called orientable.
But not all abstract surfaces defined in mathematics can be interpreted as the outside hull of some body. Such surfaces are one-sided and are called non-orientable. A well-known example of a non-orientable surface is the Moebius strip.

Remark:
In higher-dimensional spaces (dimension ≥ 4) the term surface or hypersurface is used for higher-dimensional analogues of common surfaces.

[edit] Mathematical definitions

In analytic geometry and in differential geometry a surface can be described

z = f(x,y)

and the surface is the graph of the function, i.e., the set of points

 \{ (x,y,f(x,y)) \in \mathbb R^3 \},

or it can be defined

F(x,y,z)

i.e., the surface consists of the points

 \{ (x,y,z) \mid F(x,y,z)=0 \} .

In topology a surface is defined as a topological space such that

i.e., the space locally "looks" like a plane.

[edit] Mathematical example: the sphere

A sphere (with radius r) is implicitly given by

x2 + y2 + z2 = r2

using the function

F(x,y,z) = x2 + y2 + z2r2.

An explicit form using the function

 f(x,y) = \sqrt { r^2 - x^2 - y^2 } \quad\text{for}\quad x^2 + y^2 \le r^2 \ ( x,y\in\mathbb R )

is

 \left( x,y,\sqrt { r^2 - x^2 - y^2 } \right)

which, however, only describes the upper half of the sphere.

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